Pain Management for Gastrointestinal Conditions in Exotic Animals.
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Systematic Review
Pain Management for Gastrointestinal Conditions in Exotic Animals.
Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are very common in exotic animals, such as reptiles, birds, mammals, and can be extremely painful. This review aims to provide the reader with a better understanding of the different pain mechanisms and manifestations across orders and species in order to provide the most updated information on pain recognition and management for GI conditions in exotic animals.
